L’Atlas Farnese. Le poids du globe.

Atlas Farnèse. Source photographie : Wikipedia

Français

Atlas Farnèse. Source de la photographie : Electrum Magazine
Sphere armillaire. Source Wikipedia
Source : BNF.
Source : Wikimedia
  1. «Dans la mythologie grecque et romaine, Phébus Apollon conduit le char doré du soleil au-dessus de la sphère terrestre, traçant l’arc diurne. Ses flèches, décochées sans passion depuis le firmament, apportent des calamités inattendues aux mortels.(…) Séparé mais non déconnecté de la terre, Apollon incarne un désir de totalité et une volonté de puissance, un rêve de transcendance et un appel à la lumière.» (Cosgrove p. 1) ↩︎

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English

The Farnese Atlas is a Roman sculpture at Naples Archaeological Museum. It dates from the 2nd century AD but is believed to be a copy of a much older Greek statue. The statue depicts the Titan Atlas carrying on his shoulders not the globe but the celestial sphere on which the figures of the Zodiac are inscribed. After his victory over the Titans, Zeus condemned Atlas to bear the vault of the skies for eternity. In ancient times, it was believed that the stars were all located at the same distance on a sphere surrounding the earth. Their position was used by travelers, especially sailors, to find their way during their journeys.

Geography and astronomy were inseparable at that time. The study of terrestrial and celestial spheres was grouped under the name of cosmography (Cosgrove p. x).

Constellations

In this photograph, which focuses on the sphere carried by Atlas, constellations can be seen in relief. There are 41 of them, 38 of which have been identified among the 48 listed by Ptolemy in the Almagest, the treatise on astronomy that he wrote around the same time (there are currently 88 constellations).

Imaginary lines, but rational and practical

Several lines can also be seen on the sphere: the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the equator and the celestial tropics, one of the two celestial meridians, and the ecliptic (the plane of the celestial orbit around the sun). All these geometric lines are obviously theoretical, unlike the stars, which can be observed in the sky, even though they are symbolized here by the signs of the zodiac. The globe carried by Atlas is therefore not a representation of the starry sky as it would appear to humans. It is a rational and geometric construction of the world, whose main purpose is to control terrestrial and celestial time and space.

Geocentric model

These imaginary lines evoke the rings of armillary spheres, instruments manufactured and used since ancient times to represent and simulate the apparent movement of the sun and planets around the Earth. They implemented the geocentric model established by Ptolemy, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe with other celestial bodies revolving around it. This model remained dominant until Copernicus and his heliocentric model.

The first representation of a globe?

The Farnese Atlas is often referred to as the oldest three-dimensional artistic representation of a globe that has survived to this day. However, according to the exhibition Le monde en sphères (The World in Spheres), held in 2019 at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, a small silver celestial sphere found in Turkey is believed to be four centuries older.

Atlas

Atlas is a complex figure in Greek mythology. To summarize, Zeus exiled the fallen Titan to the edge of the Greek world and transformed him into a mountain, the current mountain range of the same name that stretches from Algeria to Morocco and rises to over 4,000 meters. The “Pillars of Atlas,” with which the defeated Titan supports the celestial vault, are located at the Strait of Gibraltar between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Atlas is reputed to have initiated men into the mysteries of the earth (geography) and the sky (astronomy). On the frontispiece of the collection of maps that became famous after his death, the great cartographer Gert Mercator depicted Atlas consulting a globe, and the Titan’s name became the common name for this type of work.

Atlas and Hercules…

In Greek mythology, the “Pillars of Atlas” are also known as the “Pillars of Hercules or Heracles.” One of the demi-god’s labors, the search for the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, took him to the slopes of Mount Atlas. Hercules offered to hold up the sky for the Titan (with the help of Athena) while Atlas went to pick the apples. But when he returned, the Titan refused to take back his burden. Hercules then had to use trickery to return the sky to him and retrieve the precious fruit. Small or large, it’s always a story of spheres… (BNF).

… and their descendants

In his masterful book on the imagery of globes in Western history, Apollo’s Eye, geographer Denis Cosgrove refers to the Farnese Atlas and this “human figure supporting the cosmos (…) standing at the junction of heaven and earth, both divine and human.” . He cannot say whether this figure is Atlas, the guardian of the western edge of the ancient world, or Hercules, the hero armed with a club and covered with a lion’s skin—god, man, and beast all in one—who went west beyond the sunset, « to the extreme limits of space and time (…) “ (p.30). For Cosgrove, this mythical collaboration between two legendary beings gave rise to a long and constant affinity between Western thought and imagination and the globe, which he calls ”the Apollonian eye » 1:

From Hercules’ almost reckless extension of boundaries and his temporary assumption of Atlas’ cosmic burden derives a complex genealogy stretching from Alexander of Macedon, who claimed descent from Hercules to structure his own myth of world empire, to the Rome of Augustus, to Portugal and Spain in the sixteenth century and beyond » (p.30)

For Cosgrove, Titan and Hercules were the first figures to embody this Apollonian view of the world, “synoptic and omniscient, intellectually detached,” which many others would adopt over the centuries to assert territorial authority: churches, kings, emperors, states, and companies… (Cosgrove, p.5). Note the paradox of the celestial vault, depicted as a sphere distinct from the person carrying it, yet enveloping them. Of course, these divine beings are not subject to the physical laws of mere mortals. However, we can guess that the sight of the globe always raises the question: where on Earth could anyone be located who would be able to grasp it in its wholeness?

Reference/Référence

  • Work Title/Titre de l’œuvre : Atlas Farnese
  • Author/Auteur : Unknow
  • Year/Année : 2ème siècle ap. JC
  • Field/Domaine : Sculpture
  • Type :
  • Edition/Production :
  • Language/Langue : langue
  • Geographical location/localisation géographique : Rome
  • Remarks/Notes:
    • Machinery/Dispositif : Globe (sphère céleste)
    • Location in work/localisation dans l’oeuœvre :
    • Geographical location/localisation géographique :
    • Remarks/Notes :

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